T
[email protected]
- Jan 1, 1970
- 0
Hello, BJT experts.
I would like some suggestions for a good through-hole NPN/PNP pair to
use for a push-pull amplifier, with max Vce of about 33V, max Ic of
about 200mA, and max Pd of about 1W (AVG Pd is about 600mW). Bandwidth
of the amplifier is about 1 MHz. (But also see "possible gotcha",
farther below).
I would LIKE to not have to use heatsinks, if possible, if TO-220
devices are used.
Board space will be limited. TO-220 or TO-39/TO-5 or smaller should
fit. However, there probably wouldn't be enough space left for a
heatsink that extends horizontally, much, in any direction.
At lower power, I was using TO-92 devices (2N4401/4403), with neat
little Aavid push-on heatsinks with a slotted vertical fin, Mouser.com
# 532-575200B00. For TO-39/TO-5, they also have two different
vertical-mount-type heatsinks that look like they would fit on the
board, with thermal resistances of 35degC/W and 40degC/W. If I could
use TO-220-cased (or similar) devices, I was hoping to be able to avoid
using a heatsink, altogether (although some of the smaller "hat
section" ones that sit up pretty high on the device might fit).
And, even though the Avg Pd is only about 600mW, the TO-92
2N4401/4403-type devices "apparently" can't be used, even WITH a
heatsink, since, on the breadboard, they almost always immediately
departed their cases at power-up, even when the avg Pd was only about
500mW and heatsinks were on (And that was before I added boost caps
from output to split bias resistor pairs' junctions, which raised
Pdavg to about 600mW).
In case anyone needs more details about the amp:
It has +/-17.5v supplies, NPN and PNP with emitters tied together
through 1 Ohm resistors to the output, collectors to rails, two 806 Ohm
resistors in series from rail to base for each transistor, with 47uF
(could be larger) from each 806 Ohm resistor pair's junction to the
output, 1N4148 diodes from input to each base (cathodes toward PNP
base, mounted in thermal contact with their respective transistors),
and two 1N4148 diodes in (anti)parallel from input to output.
The amp is fed by a high-speed opamp (1/2 LT1364) and is inside two of
its feedback loops, and can act as either a current source or a voltage
source. The load is fed through a 100 Ohm 2.25W resistor (and a 3 Ohm
resistor that is part of the opamp feedback loop), when in
current-source mode. And there is another 100Ohm/2.25W resistor that
can be switched in, from amp output (actually, from between the 3 Ohm
and 100 Ohm 2.25W resistors) to GND, for voltage-source mode.
The opamp and feedback parts of the circuit are configured thusly:
Same supplies, two 4.99k R's in series from opamp's + input to gnd, two
4.99k R's in series from opamp's - input to source, 300R and 3R in
series from push-pull's output to opamp's - input, 300R and 3R in
series from push-pull's output to opamp's + input (Overall output is
taken from between THOSE two 300R and 3R resistors.). There is also a
3.3pF cap from opamp's output to opamp's - input. And there is a large
resistance (about 3.85Meg) from the negative rail to the junction of
the two 4.99k R's that go from opamp's + input to gnd, to try to zero
the overall output's offset.
The overall output is taken from between the 300R and 3R that go from
push-pull's output to opamp's + input, with 100 Ohms/2.25W always
connected in series (from the overall output) with the load. And
there's another 100 Ohms/2.25W to GND, with a switch that can
optionally connect it to just before the first 100 Ohms/2.25W R, for
selecting voltage-source mode instead of current-source mode.
This whole thing might be used to provide base/gate staircase drive
signals to a device-under-test, for my curve tracer, with maximum total
step voltage and current of 15v and 150 mA (at 1V or 10mA per step),
and minimums of 3mV and 30uA (at 200uV or 2uA per step). The input
attenuator's output voltage range would be the same (200uV to 1V per
step, in 12 selectable "1-2-5" ranges). The overall output-amp voltage
gain is 1. And there are buffer opamps between the attenuator and the
output-amp's input, one inverting and one non-inverting, with a switch
to select either positive or negative staircase output. The steps only
transistion to another step at a maximum rate of 22kHz. But the
rise-(or fall-)time between steps might be as low as about 1 uS.
POSSIBLE "GOTCHA":
One thing that I am worried about is trying to get the very-low-level
(200uV steps) signals through the push-pull stage. It works great in
Spice. But, on the breadboard, it sometimes looks like it can't handle
anything that's too close to zero. i.e. I think it might sometimes
have no output instead of very small output. (I just started the
breadboard testing and have to admit that I haven't tested it much with
low-level inputs, yet.)
I do realize that there is a "deadzone" problem with push-pull-type
topologies. But I guess I DON'T really know how MUCH of a problem that
is, or if it's possible (and practical) to "balance" a push-pull stage
well-enough to pass a 200uV signal.
So I guess I'm also wondering if I should just "chuck it" and go with
some sort of power opamp type of device, instead of the push-pull BJT
stage. Essentially, all I really need is to have more current
available than a single opamp can provide. I could probably use even
more than 150mA, too, for testing devices that need more base current.
Maybe 500mA max would be a better goal?
Thanks for any and all suggestions, comments, etc, positive or
negative.
Regards,
Tom Gootee
I would like some suggestions for a good through-hole NPN/PNP pair to
use for a push-pull amplifier, with max Vce of about 33V, max Ic of
about 200mA, and max Pd of about 1W (AVG Pd is about 600mW). Bandwidth
of the amplifier is about 1 MHz. (But also see "possible gotcha",
farther below).
I would LIKE to not have to use heatsinks, if possible, if TO-220
devices are used.
Board space will be limited. TO-220 or TO-39/TO-5 or smaller should
fit. However, there probably wouldn't be enough space left for a
heatsink that extends horizontally, much, in any direction.
At lower power, I was using TO-92 devices (2N4401/4403), with neat
little Aavid push-on heatsinks with a slotted vertical fin, Mouser.com
# 532-575200B00. For TO-39/TO-5, they also have two different
vertical-mount-type heatsinks that look like they would fit on the
board, with thermal resistances of 35degC/W and 40degC/W. If I could
use TO-220-cased (or similar) devices, I was hoping to be able to avoid
using a heatsink, altogether (although some of the smaller "hat
section" ones that sit up pretty high on the device might fit).
And, even though the Avg Pd is only about 600mW, the TO-92
2N4401/4403-type devices "apparently" can't be used, even WITH a
heatsink, since, on the breadboard, they almost always immediately
departed their cases at power-up, even when the avg Pd was only about
500mW and heatsinks were on (And that was before I added boost caps
from output to split bias resistor pairs' junctions, which raised
Pdavg to about 600mW).
In case anyone needs more details about the amp:
It has +/-17.5v supplies, NPN and PNP with emitters tied together
through 1 Ohm resistors to the output, collectors to rails, two 806 Ohm
resistors in series from rail to base for each transistor, with 47uF
(could be larger) from each 806 Ohm resistor pair's junction to the
output, 1N4148 diodes from input to each base (cathodes toward PNP
base, mounted in thermal contact with their respective transistors),
and two 1N4148 diodes in (anti)parallel from input to output.
The amp is fed by a high-speed opamp (1/2 LT1364) and is inside two of
its feedback loops, and can act as either a current source or a voltage
source. The load is fed through a 100 Ohm 2.25W resistor (and a 3 Ohm
resistor that is part of the opamp feedback loop), when in
current-source mode. And there is another 100Ohm/2.25W resistor that
can be switched in, from amp output (actually, from between the 3 Ohm
and 100 Ohm 2.25W resistors) to GND, for voltage-source mode.
The opamp and feedback parts of the circuit are configured thusly:
Same supplies, two 4.99k R's in series from opamp's + input to gnd, two
4.99k R's in series from opamp's - input to source, 300R and 3R in
series from push-pull's output to opamp's - input, 300R and 3R in
series from push-pull's output to opamp's + input (Overall output is
taken from between THOSE two 300R and 3R resistors.). There is also a
3.3pF cap from opamp's output to opamp's - input. And there is a large
resistance (about 3.85Meg) from the negative rail to the junction of
the two 4.99k R's that go from opamp's + input to gnd, to try to zero
the overall output's offset.
The overall output is taken from between the 300R and 3R that go from
push-pull's output to opamp's + input, with 100 Ohms/2.25W always
connected in series (from the overall output) with the load. And
there's another 100 Ohms/2.25W to GND, with a switch that can
optionally connect it to just before the first 100 Ohms/2.25W R, for
selecting voltage-source mode instead of current-source mode.
This whole thing might be used to provide base/gate staircase drive
signals to a device-under-test, for my curve tracer, with maximum total
step voltage and current of 15v and 150 mA (at 1V or 10mA per step),
and minimums of 3mV and 30uA (at 200uV or 2uA per step). The input
attenuator's output voltage range would be the same (200uV to 1V per
step, in 12 selectable "1-2-5" ranges). The overall output-amp voltage
gain is 1. And there are buffer opamps between the attenuator and the
output-amp's input, one inverting and one non-inverting, with a switch
to select either positive or negative staircase output. The steps only
transistion to another step at a maximum rate of 22kHz. But the
rise-(or fall-)time between steps might be as low as about 1 uS.
POSSIBLE "GOTCHA":
One thing that I am worried about is trying to get the very-low-level
(200uV steps) signals through the push-pull stage. It works great in
Spice. But, on the breadboard, it sometimes looks like it can't handle
anything that's too close to zero. i.e. I think it might sometimes
have no output instead of very small output. (I just started the
breadboard testing and have to admit that I haven't tested it much with
low-level inputs, yet.)
I do realize that there is a "deadzone" problem with push-pull-type
topologies. But I guess I DON'T really know how MUCH of a problem that
is, or if it's possible (and practical) to "balance" a push-pull stage
well-enough to pass a 200uV signal.
So I guess I'm also wondering if I should just "chuck it" and go with
some sort of power opamp type of device, instead of the push-pull BJT
stage. Essentially, all I really need is to have more current
available than a single opamp can provide. I could probably use even
more than 150mA, too, for testing devices that need more base current.
Maybe 500mA max would be a better goal?
Thanks for any and all suggestions, comments, etc, positive or
negative.
Regards,
Tom Gootee