Short answer: unlikely.
Unclear whether you mean a transformer for the input power of a piece of audio equipment or an output transformer intened for the audio signal.
But, in general;
Transformers change voltage and current into different voltages and current, they trade one for the other, voltage & current, in ways that don;t make or loose (much) power; that is obeying the laws of physics, as you'd expect.
So to swap successfully, no damage to circuit or transformer; must match or exceed in voltage capability, must match or ewxceed in current capability, must match or exceed in the power handling capability, must match in ratio, that is the change effected,
And yes, transformers come in a wide range of all parameters. Can't use a toothpick as a battering ram, &c &c.
So, all things considered; unlikely to go well.
Best to see if you can source a replacement part.
Are you sure the transformer is bad? IF so, any idea what caused it to go bad? After all if there's a fault that destroyed the transformer, best to fix the fault before replacement.